Phytochemicals in Daucus Carota and Their Importance in Nutrition – Review Article

Review

doi: x.3390/foods8090424.

Phytochemicals in Daucus carota and Their Health Benefits-Review Article

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• PMID: 31546950
• PMCID: PMC6770766
• DOI: 10.3390/foods8090424

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Review

Phytochemicals in Daucus carota and Their Wellness Benefits-Review Article

Tanveer Ahmad  et al. Foods. 2019 .

Free PMC article

Abstract

Carrots are a multi-nutritional food source. They are an important root vegetable, rich in natural bioactive compounds, which are recognised for their nutraceutical effects and wellness benefits. This review summarises the occurrence, biosynthesis, factors affecting concentration, and health benefits of phytochemicals found in Daucus carota. Two hundred and l-five articles including original research papers, books, and volume chapters were analysed, of which ane hundred and thirty articles (most relevant to the topic) were selected for writing the review article. The four types of phytochemicals constitute in carrots, namely phenolics, carotenoids, polyacetylenes, and ascorbic acid, were summarised. These chemicals assist in the adventure reduction of cancer and cardiovascular diseases due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, plasma lipid modification, and anti-tumour properties. Numerous factors influence the amount and blazon of phytochemicals present in carrots. Genotype (colour differences) plays an important role; loftier contents of α and β-carotene are present in orange carrots, lutein in xanthous carrots, lycopene in red carrots, anthocyanins in the root of purple carrots, and phenolic compounds abound in black carrots. Carotenoids range between 3.2 mg/kg and 170 mg/kg, while vitamin C varies from 21 mg/kg to 775 mg/kg between cultivars. Growth temperatures of carrots influence the level of the sugars, carotenoids, and volatile compounds, so that growing in cool conditions results in a college yield and quality of carrots, while higher temperatures would increment terpene synthesis, resulting in carrots with a bitter taste. It is worthwhile to investigate the cultivation of different genotypes under diverse environmental conditions to increase levels of phytochemicals and enhance the nutritional value of carrot, along with the valorisation of carrot by-products.

Keywords: ascorbic acid; carotenoids; carrot; human health; phenolic compounds; polyacetylenes.

Disharmonize of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1

Carrot root anatomy: (A) longitudinal; (B) cross-department, showing the periderm, phloem, and xylem (

world wide web.carrotmuseum.co.united kingdom

).

Effigy two

Structures of phenolic acids: (A) p-hydroxybenzoic acid; (B) caffeic acrid; (C) chlorogenic acrid; and (D) the basic chemical structure of anthocyanins.

Figure 3

Schematic representation of the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acrid via the shikimic acrid pathway. Abbreviations: Aldol: aldol condensation reaction; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; EPSP: 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; NAD and NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reductase and oxidase; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase; PAL: phenylalanine ammonia lyase; TAL: tyrosine ammonia lyase; PLP: pyridoxal phosphate.

Figure iv

(A) Structures of carotenoids: (1) α-carotene; (2) β-carotene; (3) β-cryptoxanthin; (4) lutein; (5) lycopene; (6) zeaxanthin; (B) Structures of the polyacetylenes: (one) falcarinol; (2) falcarindiol; (3) falcarindiol-three-acetate.

Effigy 5

Schematic biosynthetic pathway for carotenoids.

Effigy half-dozen

Schematic biosynthetic pathway for falcarinol type polyacetylenes.

Figure 7

Schematic representation of the biosynthetic pathway of ascorbic acid in carrot: (ane) hexokinase; (2) phosphoglucose isomerase; (3) phosphomannose isomerase; (iv) phosphomannose mutase; (five) guanosine diphosphate (Gdp)-mannose pyrophosphorylase; (half dozen) Gdp-mannose epimerase; (7) GDP-

l

-galactose phosphorylase; (eight)

l

-galactose-phosphatase; (9)

fifty

-galactose-dehydrogenase; (10)

l

-galactose-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase.

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